N2NOV  > PACKET   29.03.25 04:30z 49 Lines 2300 Bytes #248 (0) @ WW
BID : CPC1_N2NOV
Read: GUEST
Subj: PORTS vs PROTOCOLS (Quick Primer)
Path: ED1ZAC<ED1ZAC<IZ3LSV<I0OJJ<N6RME<CX2SA<N3HYM<N2NOV
Sent: 250329/0413z @:N2NOV.#RICH.NY.USA.NOAM $:CPC1_N2NOV

This by no means is a complete explanation of the topic, but enough to start.

Routers and firewalls need to be able to open up some and close other ports
and protocols for all amateur radio networking to traverse the great unwashed
network that we call the internet. The devices that you receive from your
local internet cable or fiber optic provider may not have the capability for
you to make the needed changes. If you can not replace the device with one that
does, then you will have to consider a VPN tunnel like Wireguard that will do
the heavy lifting and only pass along the 44net packets that you need. Contact
your local 44net coordinator for more info on local VPN tunnel availability.
Certain operating systems like Windows may require special configuration or
operating a piece of software in "administrative mode" to allow the protocols
4, 93 and 94 to be made available (also known as RAW sockets). Linux users will
have to make sure that the IP Tables in your system or firewall are set to
allow incoming and forwarding for these protocols.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers

Common port (not protocol) numbers that you may be working with or heard of:
21 - FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
23 - TELNET
25 - SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - email between servers)
80 - HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol - web pages)
110 - POP3 (Post Office Protocol - retrieving your email from a server)
119 - NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol - for newsgroup retrieval)
520 - RIP (Routing Information Protocol - like IP-IP encap broadcasts)
3600 - CONVerse chat telnet port


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IP_protocol_numbers

The protocols (not ports) that we are looking for in 44net systems are:
4 - IP-in-IP (encapsulation: 44net address inside a public IP address wrapper)
93 - AX.25 (amateur radio version of X25 that uses call signs instead of MACs)
94 - OS (KA9Q/NOS compatible version of Protocol 4 IP-IP packets)

Other common protocols that you may have heard of:
1 - ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol - ping packets)
6 - TCP (Transmission Control Protocol - each packet is checked for receipt)
17 - UDP (User Datagram Protocol - streaming data that may drop packets)


--
73 de N2NOV
n2nov@n2nov.ampr.org
n2nov@n2nov.#rich.ny.usa.noam



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